Artificial intelligence assisted multitask framework for dental detection and root canal filling assessment on periapical radiographs

Authors

• Chia-Lin Hsu, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
• Li Wei Ou-Yang, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
• Chih-Hao Chang, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
• Yuan-Jin Lin, Program on Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
• Po-Lin Huang, Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
• Kai-Syun Chiu, Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
• Heng-Chia Chen, Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
• Tsung-Yi Chen, Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, TaiwanFollow
• Jia-Ching Wang, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
• Wei-Chen Tu, Program on Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
• Patricia Angela R. Abu, Ateneo Laboratory for Intelligent Visual Environments, Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon, Philippines

Abstract

Background/purpose: Accurate evaluation of root canal filling (RCF) quality is paramount for successful endodontic outcomes. However, conventional radiographic interpretation is often subject to subjective variability. This study developed an automated, multitask artificial intelligence (AI) framework using YOLO11 and advanced image pre-processing to identify multiple dental structures and provide quantitative assessments of RCF quality on periapical radiographs.

Materials and methods: We proposed an image enhancement pipeline, which integrate intensity normalization, white top-hat transform, and linear contrast stretching to refine dental contours for training the YOLO11 multitask model. The framework simultaneously detected primary, permanent, dental crowns, and RCFs. Quantitative metrics, including root canal filling length (RCFL) and filling rate (RCFR), were calculated using pixel-accumulation and landmark localization algorithms.

Results: The proposed image enhancement significantly improved model performance, with the total mAP50 increasing from 92.3% to 99.6%. The model achieved excellent diagnostic reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients exceeding 0.96 across all tasks, notably reaching 0.997 for primary teeth. In clinical validation, the AI-assisted framework demonstrated high diagnostic agreement with the consensus of four dentists in classifying RCFL as adequate or underfilled. Furthermore, the AI-calculated RCFR for permanent (73.96%) and primary teeth (77.44%) showed high consistency with expert observations, while AI confidence levels consistently exceeded 95%.

Conclusion: The integrated YOLO11 framework provides a highly accurate, objective, and automated system for the quantitative evaluation of root canal obturation. By delivering reliable second opinions and precise apical limit localization, this system has strong potential to enhance diagnostic consistency and efficiency in clinical endodontic practice.

Recommended Citation

Hsu, Chia-Lin; Ou-Yang, Li Wei; Chang, Chih-Hao; Lin, Yuan-Jin; Huang, Po-Lin; Chiu, Kai-Syun; Chen, Heng-Chia; Chen, Tsung-Yi; Wang, Jia-Ching; Tu, Wei-Chen; and Abu, Patricia Angela R. (2026) "Artificial intelligence assisted multitask framework for dental detection and root canal filling assessment on periapical radiographs," Journal of Dental Sciences: Vol. 21: Iss. 4, Article 29.
Available at: https://jds.ads.org.tw/journal/vol21/iss4/29

Publication Date

2026

Received Date

Mar 24 2026

Accepted Date

Apr 22 2026

Final Revision Date

Apr 21 2026