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DOI

10.1016/j.jds.2025.04.032

First Page

2315

Last Page

2321

Abstract

Abstract Background/purpose The extrinsic black stain (EBS) is a resistant esthetic problem in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the bactericidal effect of three probiotics strains on two types of EBS-associated bacteria in-vitro and in-vivo in children. Materials and methods In the in-vitro study, two bacterial strains ( Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Actinomyces naeslundii ) were revived and incubated under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Cultures were grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth, adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard, and diluted to 1.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Three Probiotic strains ( Streptococcus Salivarius BLIS M18, Lactobacillus reuteri LR08, Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc- 37) were similarly cultured and processed, and the MIC was determined using a 96-well microtiter plate, with bacterial growth assessed visually and spectrophotometrically. In the in-vivo study, unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients with EBS before and after 14 days of probiotic administration. Microbial DNA was extracted and quantified using spectrophotometry. Results In the in-vitro study, bacterial growth declined progressively with increasing probiotic concentrations, confirming a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Statistical analysis showed significant reductions for both species (P < 0.001) compared to controls, with A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibiting a stronger response. In the in-vivo study, A.actinomycetemcomitans was fully eradicated, while A. naeslundii showed only partial suppression. Conclusion Probiotics significantly inhibited the growth of EBS-associated bacteria in both in- vitro and in-vivo settings, resulting in the elimination of A. actinomycetemcomitans and a marked reduction in A. naeslundii count.

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